【略論秦觀的詞】(島城疏影撰)
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">世人之词常称</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">豪放</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">婉约</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">,在宋代词坛上,婉约派词占有极大的比重,名家辈出。而秦观当是一位杰出代表。张炎曰:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">秦少游词,体制淡雅,气骨不衰,清丽中不断意脉,咀嚼无滓,久而知味</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">,为格律派词人所推重。词评家刘熙载在其《艺概·词概》中曾说:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">秦少游词得《花间》、《尊前》遗韵,却能自出清新。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">秦观的词正是以清疏的韵致雄视婉约词坛,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">自开蹊径,卓然名家</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">,被尊为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">词人之词</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">。</span><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" xmllang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">秦观,字少游,一字太虚,别号淮海居士。扬州高邮(今属江苏省)人,宋仁宗皇祐元年(1049),出生在一个中小地主的家庭。少豪隽慷慨,善于文辞;志强气盛,好大而见奇,读兵家书,与己意会,见苏轼于徐,为《黄楼赋》,轼以为有屈、宋才。推荐诗于王安石,亦谓</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">清新似鲍、谢</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">。举元丰八年(1085)进士,元祐初,轼以</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">贤良方正</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">荐于朝,除太学博士,兼国史院编修官。绍生初,被目为元祐党人而削秩,监处州酒税,徙郴州,继贬横州,又徙雷州。徽宗立,放逐,至滕州卒,时年五十五。词作编有《淮海长短句》三卷。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" xmllang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">秦观艺术倾向与审美情趣的形成及变更,无不源于其所处的特定年代的社会政治文化背景。宋代民族和阶级矛盾表现都很尖锐,统治者满足于残缺的一块天下而纸醉金迷。宋代虽继承唐代文化发展的余烈,民风文苑中却缺乏初盛唐人们豪情满怀,信心十足,锐意进取的气概。文人仕子在兼济天下的愿望难圆之余,力求独善其身,以文章、诗词来或多或少弥补心灵上的失落感,由外部世界的拓展转向内心世界的探求,秦观便是其典型代表之一。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" xmllang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">特定的社会政治文化背景,决定了他的特殊艺术倾向和审美情趣。中晚唐士大夫由于虚幻、失望情绪而表现出来诗歌题材由宽变窄,境界由阔变狭,色彩由浓变淡,笔触由粗变细。于是在宋代文人词中找到了它最合适的归宿,即用长短不齐的句型更为具体,更为细致,更为集中地刻画出某种心境意绪,并带有更浓厚、更细腻的主观感情色调。婉约派词更是这种心境和意境的最好表达方式。秦观作为婉约派词坊的巨擘,在继承了后主词的风韵,发扬了柳永铺叙、白描的特色,又吸收了苏东坡词个性解放的长处后,融为一体,形成自己</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">清疏</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">的艺术表现手法。运用含蓄的手法,淡雅的语言,通过优美的音律、幽冷的场景、鲜明新颖的形象抒发自己的情感,达到情韵兼胜、回味无穷的艺术境界。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" xmllang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">秦观是</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">苏门四学士</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">之一,被苏轼所推重。但秦观并未象苏轼一样注重开拓豪放题材,而继承宋初词坛风气,推动婉约词的发展。秦词中以儿女情长为题材的作品占据多数,且</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">将人世之感打并入艳情</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">,感伤色彩较为浓厚。但秦观更善于用自己的灵巧之思表达心中一种最为柔婉精致的感受,与其他词人在辞采、情事、意境方面都有所不同。所以冯煦在其《宋六十一家词选·例言》中云:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">他人之词,词才也;少游,词心也。得入于内,不可以传。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">且举秦观《八六子·倚危亭》一例:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">倚危亭、恨如芳草,萋萋铲尽还生。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">念柳外青骢别后,水边红袂公时,怆然暗惊。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">无端天与娉婷,夜月一帘幽梦,春风十里柔情。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">怎奈向、欢娱渐随流水,素弦声断,翠绡香减。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">那堪片片飞花弄晚,蒙蒙残雨笼晴。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">正销凝,黄鹂又啼数声。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" xmllang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">这是一首怀人之词。早在晚唐,杜牧也写过如此一首词,即《八六子·洞房深》,现作比较如下:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">洞房深,画屏灯照,山色凝翠沈沈。听夜雨,冷滴芭蕉,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">惊断红窗好梦。龙烟细飘绣衾,辞恩久归长信。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">凤帐萧疏,椒殿闲扃。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">辇路苔侵,绣帘垂,迟迟漏传丹禁。蕣华偷悴,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">翠鬟羞整。愁坐望处,金舆渐远,何时彩仗重临。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">正消魂,梧桐又移翠阴。</span></p> 本帖最后由 樱林花主 于 2015-10-6 14:24 编辑
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: zh-cn;">他人之词,词才也;少游,词心也。得入于内,不可以传。确如此</span>
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